Acurácia do escore de referência endoscópico para esofagite eosinofílica em crianças / Accuracy of the eosinophilic esophagitis endoscopic reference score in children

ABSTRACT Background: To assess the efficacy of applying the endoscopic reference score for EoE (EREFS) in children with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction naïve to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing reports and photographs of upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGE) and esophageal biopsies of patients with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Patients who were treated with PPI or had other conditions that may cause esophageal eosinophilia were excluded. Results: Of the 2,036 patients evaluated, endoscopic findings of EoE were identified in 248 (12.2%) and more than one abnormality was observed in 167 (8.2%). Among all patients, 154 (7.6%) presented esophageal eosinophilia (≥15 eosinophils per high power field) (P<0.01). In this group, 30 patients (19.5%) had normal endoscopy. In patients with EoE, edema (74% vs 6.5%, P<0.01) and furrows (66.2% vs 2.4%, P<0.01) were more prevalent than in the control group. Association of edema and furrows was more frequent in patients with EoE than in the control group (29.2% vs 1.6%, P<0.01, OR=24.7, CI=15.0-40.5). The presence of more than one endoscopic finding had sensitivity of 80.5%, specificity of 93.4%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 50%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 98.3%, and accuracy of 92.4%. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that endoscopic features suggestive of EoE had high specificity and NPV for diagnosing EoE in children naïve to PPI therapy. These findings highlight the importance of the EREFS in contributing to early identification of inflammatory and fibrostenosing characteristics of EoE, making it possible to identify and to avoid progression of the disease.

RESUMO Contexto: Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação do escore de referência endoscópico para EoE (EREFS) em crianças com sintomas de disfunção esofágica sem tratamento prévio com inibidores da bomba de prótons (IBP). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional por meio de revisão de laudos e fotos de endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e biópsias de esôfago de pacientes com sintomas de disfunção esofágica. Pacientes tratados com IBP ou com outras condições que podem causar eosinofilia esofágica foram excluídos. Resultados: Dos 2.036 pacientes avaliados, os achados endoscópicos de EoE foram identificados em 248 (12,2%) e mais de uma anormalidade foi observada em 167 (8,2%). Entre todos os pacientes, 154 (7,6%) apresentaram eosinofilia esofágica (≥15 eosinófilos por campo de grande aumento) (P<0,01). Nesse grupo, 30 pacientes (19,5%) apresentaram endoscopia normal. Em pacientes com EoE, edema (74% vs 6,5%, P<0,01) e linhas verticais (66,2% vs 2,4%, P<0,01) foram mais prevalentes quando comparados ao grupo controle. A associação de edema e linhas verticais foi mais frequente em pacientes com EoE do que no grupo controle (29,2% vs 1,6%, P<0,01, OR=24,7, IC=15,0-40,5). A presença de mais de um achado endoscópico teve sensibilidade de 80,5%, especificidade de 93,4%, valor preditivo positivo de 50%, valor preditivo negativo de 98,3% e acurácia de 92,4%. Conclusão: Em conclusão, esse estudo mostrou que as características endoscópicas sugestivas de EoE apresentam especificidade e VPN elevados para o diagnóstico da enfermidade em crianças sem tratamento prévio com IBP. Estes achados reforçam a importância do EREFS em contribuir para a identificação precoce de características inflamatórias e fibroestenosantes, possibilitando identificar e evitar a progressão da doença.

Difference Between Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time and Aortic Cross-Clamping Time as a Predictor of Complications After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

ABSTRACT Introduction: Along with cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamping time is directly related to the risk of complications after heart surgery. The influence of the time difference between cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamping times (TDC-C) remains poorly understood. Objective: To assess the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass time in relation to cross-clamping time on immediate results after coronary artery bypass grafting in the Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) II. Methods: Analysis of 3,090 patients included in REPLICCAR II database was performed. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons outcomes were evaluated (mortality, kidney failure, deep wound infection, reoperation, cerebrovascular accident, and prolonged ventilation time). A cutoff point was adopted, from which the increase of this difference would affect each outcome. Results: After a cutoff point determination, all patients were divided into Group 1 (cardiopulmonary bypass time < 140 min., TDC-C < 30 min.), Group 2 (cardiopulmonary bypass time < 140 min., TDC-C > 30 min.), Group 3 (cardiopulmonary bypass time > 140 min., TDC-C < 30 min.), and Group 4 (cardiopulmonary bypass time > 140 min., TDC-C > 30 min.). After univariate logistic regression, Group 2 showed significant association with reoperation (odds ratio: 1.64, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.66), stroke (odds ratio: 3.85, 95% confidence interval: 1.99-7.63), kidney failure (odds ratio: 1.90, 95% confidence interval: 1.32-2.74), and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio: 2.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-3.60). Conclusion: TDC-C serves as a predictive factor for complications following coronary artery bypass grafting. We strongly recommend that future studies incorporate this metric to improve the prediction of complications.

Effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on the ocular surface, tear film, and corneal microstructure

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty with the removal of the skin and a strip of orbicularis oculi muscle on the ocular surface, tear film, and dry eye-related symptoms. Methods: Twenty-two eyes of 22 consecutive patients operated by a single surgeon (21 females; mean age, 61 years; age range, 41-75 years) were included. All subjects completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, underwent in vivo confocal microscopy, tear film breakup time measurements, the Schirmer test with anesthesia, and fluorescein and lissamine green staining measurements before, 1 month, and 6 months after upper blepharoplasty alone with preseptal orbicularis excision. Results: A significant increase in Ocular Surface Disease Index, and corneal fluorescein and lissamine green staining and a significant decrease in tear film breakup time were observed after 1 month (p=0.003, p=0.004, p=0.029, and p=0.024 respectively) and 6 months (p=0.001 for all findings). No significant difference in the Schirmer test score was observed during the follow-up. None of the in vivo confocal microscopy parameters showed significant changes during the study. Conclusions: An increase in dry eye symptoms and a decrease in tear film stability along with ocular surface staining were observed in patients undergoing upper eyelid blepharoplasty.

Experiences of ZHAO Yonghou in Differentiation and Staged Treatment of Schizophrenia Using the Theory of Ti （Character， 体） and Yong （Function， 用） in Mental Illness / 中医杂志

Based on the theory of ti （character， 体） and yong （function， 用） in mental illness， ZHAO Yonghou's clinical experience in staged differentiation and treatment of schizophrenia is summarized. According to the theory， the core disease location of schizophrenia is in the brain， which is closely related to the organs， qi， and blood. It is proposed to interpret the pathogenesis of schizophrenia from the perspective of “zang-fu organs-qi and blood-brain and spirit”， that is， dysfunction of the zang-fu organs， disharmony of qi and blood， and malnourishment of the brain ti lead to dysfunction of the spirit ti and yong. In clinical practice， treatment of schizophrenia can be divided into four stages， for which the method of treating ti and yong simultaneously is suggested. In the prodromal stage， Liuwei Dihuang Decoction combined with Sini San （六味地黄汤合四逆散） with modifications is used to nourish the kidney and boost marrow， soothe the liver and rectify the spleen. For acute exacerbation with binding of phlegm and heat syndrome， Zhaoshi Yikuang Decoction （赵氏抑狂汤） with modifications is used to clear heat and dispel phlegm， awaken the brain and calm the mind. For phlegm-heat damaging yin pattern， Mengshi Guntan Pill combined with Zengye Decoction （礞石滚痰丸合增液汤） with modifications is used to clear heat and dispel phlegm， enrich yin and calm the mind. For the chronic treatment stage， Yudian Decoction （愈癫汤） with modifications is used to disperse phlegm and dissolve stasis， move qi and awaken the mind. For the rehabilitation and regulation stage， Shenan Pill （神安丸） with modifications is used to boost qi and nourish yin， and tranquilize the mind.

Disminución de la debilidad muscular adquirida en una unidad de cuidados intensivos con la implementación de un protocolo multicomponente: ensayo clínico cuasiexperimental

Introducción. La debilidad adquirida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos es una complicación frecuente de los pacientes con enfermedades críticas, que puede tener un impacto negativo en su pronóstico a corto y a largo plazo. Objetivos. Evaluar si la utilización de un protocolo multicomponente, que incluye movilidad activa temprana, manejo efectivo del dolor, reducción de la sedación, medidas no farmacológicas para prevenir el delirium, estimulación cognitiva y apoyo familiar, puede disminuir la incidencia de debilidad adquirida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos al momento del egreso del paciente. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un ensayo clínico, no aleatorizado, en dos unidades de cuidados intensivos mixtas de un hospital de tercer nivel. Los participantes fueron pacientes mayores de 14 años con ventilación mecánica invasiva por más de 48 horas. Se aplicó como intervención un protocolo multicomponente y como control se utilizó el cuidado usual o estándar. Resultados. Ingresaron 188 pacientes al estudio, 82 al grupo de intervención y 106 al grupo control. La tasa de debilidad adquirida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos al egreso de la unidad fue significativamente menor en el grupo de intervención (41,3 % versus 78,9 %, p<0,00001). La mediana del puntaje de movilidad al momento del alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos fue mayor en el grupo de intervención (3,5 versus 2, p<0,0138). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las medianas de días libres de respiración mecánica asistida, ni de unidad de cuidados intensivos al día 28, tampoco en la tasa de mortalidad general al egreso del hospital (18 versus 15 días, p<0,49; 18,2 % versus 27,3 %, p<0,167). Conclusiones. Un protocolo multicomponente que incluía movilidad activa temprana tuvo un impacto significativo en la reducción de la debilidad adquirida en las unidades de cuidados intensivos al egreso en comparación con el cuidado estándar.

Introduction. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness is a frequent complication that affects the prognosis of critical illness during hospital stay and after hospital discharge. Objectives. To determine if a multicomponent protocol of early active mobility involving adequate pain control, non-sedation, non-pharmacologic delirium prevention, cognitive stimulation, and family support, reduces intensive care unit-acquired weakness at the moment of discharge. Materials and methods. We carried out a non-randomized clinical trial in two mixed intensive care units in a high-complexity hospital, including patients over 14 years old with invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. We compared the intervention -the multicomponent protocol- during intensive care hospitalization versus the standard care. Results. We analyzed 82 patients in the intervention group and 106 in the control group. Muscle weakness acquired in the intensive care unit at the moment of discharge was less frequent in the intervention group (41.3% versus 78.9%, p<0.00001). The mobility score at intensive unit care discharge was better in the intervention group (median = 3.5 versus 2, p < 0.0138). There were no statistically significant differences in the invasive mechanical ventilation-free days at day 28 (18 versus 15 days, p<0.49), and neither in the mortality (18.2 versus 27.3%, p<0.167). Conclusion. A multi-component protocol of early active mobility significantly reduces intensive care unit-acquired muscle weakness at the moment of discharge.

Relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscles with the success of the spontaneous breathing trial

Introduction: In critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation, the loss of inspiratory and peripheral muscle strength is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and failed weaning. Objective: To determine the relationship between handgrip strength and inspiratory muscle strength with the success of the Spontaneous Breathing Trial in adults with ventilatory support greater than 48 hours. Methodology: Prospective observational cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary hospital in Colombia. Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were measured once a day before Spontaneous Breathing Trial testing. Pearson's test and Cohen's D test were used to analyze correlations. Results: A total of 51 patients were included, 57% male, with a mean age of 51.9±20 years. A positive correlation was identified between Maximal Inspiratory Pressure and grip strength; and a negative correlation between grip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure with the days of stay in the intensive care unit, (r -0.40; p<0.05) and (r -0.45; p<0.05). Conclusions: Handgrip strength and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure were positively correlated with Spontaneous Breathing Trial success. The importance of these measures to guide ventilator disconnection processes is highlighted.

Introducción: En el paciente críticamente enfermo con ventilación mecánica, la pérdida de la fuerza de los músculos inspiratorios y periféricos se asocia con ventilación mecánica prolongada y destete fallido. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la fuerza de prensión manual y la fuerza de músculos inspiratorios con el éxito de la prueba de respiración espontánea en adultos con soporte ventilatorio mayor a 48 horas. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo observacional de corte transversal realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel en Colombia. La fuerza de prensión manual y la presión inspiratoria máxima se midieron una vez al día antes de la prueba de prueba de respiración espontánea. Se utilizaron la prueba de Pearson y la prueba D de Cohen para analizar las correlaciones. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes, 57 % de sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 51,9 ± 20 años. Se identificó una correlación positiva entre Presión Inspiratoria Máxima y fuerza de la mano; y una correlación negativa entre la fuerza de la mano y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima con los días de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, (r -0,40; p < 0,05) y (r -0,45;p < 0,05). Conclusiones: La fuerza de prensión manual y la Presión Inspiratoria Máxima se correlacionaron positivamente con el éxito de la Prueba de Respiración Espontánea. Se destaca la importancia de estas mediciones para guiar procesos de desconexión del ventilador.

Malestar psicológico y síntomas psicopatológicos en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el malestar psicológico y los síntomas psicopatológicos en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19. Se trabajó con metodología mixta, cuali-cuantitativa. Método: Participaron del estudio 131 adultos de entre 21 y 76 años (68,7 % habían padecido COVID- 19), quienes completaron un cuestionario personal y el Inventario de Síntomas de Derogatis Revisado [SCL-90-R]. Adicionalmente se efectuaron 10 entrevistas semi-estructuradas en pacientes recuperados de COVID-19 que debieron hospitalizarse a causa de la enfermedad. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que los participantes recuperados de COVID-19 reportaban mayores niveles de malestar y síntomas psicopatológicos luego de su recuperación, en comparación con los participantes que no contrajeron la enfermedad. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) para casi todos los indicadores, a excepción de Sensibilidad interpersonal e Ideación paranoide (p = 0,06). Además, los pacientes que fueron hospitalizados, pero no fueron intervenidos con respiración asistida, presentaron indicadores más altos para Somatizaciones y para Obsesiones y compulsiones en comparación al grupo que fue internado con respirador (p < 0,05). Complementaria- mente, el análisis cualitativo sugiere que los participantes hospitalizados experimentaron malestar y distintas consecuencias por la internación y la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Los resultados están en línea con lo reportado en la literatura y sugieren la importancia de la contención psicológica como complementaria a la recuperación física.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate psychological distress and psychopathological symptoms in patients recovered from COVID-19. For this purpose, we worked with a mixed, quali-quantitative methodology. Method: A total of 131 adults between 21 and 76 years of age (68,7 % had suffered COVID-19) participated in the study, completing a personal questionnaire and the Symptom Check-List-90-R [SCL-90-R]. In addition, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with recovered COVID-19 patients who had to be hospitalized because of the disease. Results: The results indicated that participants who recovered from COVID-19 reported higher levels of distress and psychopathological symptoms after their recovery, compared to participants who did not contract the disease. Statistically significant differences (p < 0,05) were found for almost all indicators, except for Interpersonal Sensitivity and Paranoid Ideation (p = 0,06). Additionally, patients who were hospitalized but not given assisted breathing interventions showed higher indicators for Somatization and Obsessions and Compulsions compared to the group that was hospitalized with a ventilator (p < 0,05). Furthermore, the qualitative analysis suggests that hospitalized participants experienced distress and different consequences from hospitalization and the disease. Discussions: The results are in line with what has been reported in the literature and suggest the importance of psychological support as a complement to physical recovery.

Intensive glucose control in critically ill adults: a protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis / Controle intensivo da glicose em adultos em estado grave: um protocolo de revisão sistemática e metanálise de dados individuais de pacientes

ABSTRACT Objective: The optimal target for blood glucose concentration in critically ill patients is unclear. We will perform a systematic review and meta-analysis with aggregated and individual patient data from randomized controlled trials, comparing intensive glucose control with liberal glucose control in critically ill adults. Data sources: MEDLINE®, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, and clinical trials registries (World Health Organization, clinical trials.gov). The authors of eligible trials will be invited to provide individual patient data. Published trial-level data from eligible trials that are not at high risk of bias will be included in an aggregated data meta-analysis if individual patient data are not available. Methods: Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials that recruited adult patients, targeting a blood glucose of ≤ 120mg/dL (≤ 6.6mmol/L) compared to a higher blood glucose concentration target using intravenous insulin in both groups. Excluded studies: those with an upper limit blood glucose target in the intervention group of > 120mg/dL (> 6.6mmol/L), or where intensive glucose control was only performed in the intraoperative period, and those where loss to follow-up exceeded 10% by hospital discharge. Primary endpoint: In-hospital mortality during index hospital admission. Secondary endpoints: mortality and survival at other timepoints, duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agents, and renal replacement therapy. A random effect Bayesian meta-analysis and hierarchical Bayesian models for individual patient data will be used. Discussion: This systematic review with aggregate and individual patient data will address the clinical question, 'what is the best blood glucose target for critically ill patients overall?' Protocol version 0.4 - 06/26/2023 PROSPERO registration: CRD42021278869

RESUMO Objetivo: Não está claro qual é a meta ideal de concentração de glicose no sangue em pacientes em estado grave. Realizaremos uma revisão sistemática e uma metanálise com dados agregados e de pacientes individuais de estudos controlados e randomizados, comparando o controle intensivo da glicose com o controle liberal da glicose em adultos em estado grave. Fontes de dados: MEDLINE®, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials e registros de ensaios clínicos (Organização Mundial da Saúde, clinical trials.gov). Os autores dos estudos qualificados serão convidados a fornecer dados individuais de pacientes. Os dados publicados em nível de ensaio qualificado que não apresentem alto risco de viés serão incluídos em uma metanálise de dados agregados se os dados individuais de pacientes não estiverem disponíveis. Métodos: Critérios de inclusão: ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados que recrutaram pacientes adultos, com meta de glicemia ≤ 120mg/dL (≤ 6,6mmol/L) comparada a uma meta de concentração de glicemia mais alta com insulina intravenosa em ambos os grupos. Estudos excluídos: aqueles com meta de glicemia no limite superior no grupo de intervenção > 120mg/dL (> 6,6mmol/L), ou em que o controle intensivo de glicose foi realizado apenas no período intraoperatório, e aqueles em que a perda de seguimento excedeu 10% até a alta hospitalar. Desfecho primário: Mortalidade intra-hospitalar durante a admissão hospitalar. Desfechos secundários: Mortalidade e sobrevida em outros momentos, duração da ventilação mecânica invasiva, agentes vasoativos e terapia de substituição renal. Utilizaremos metanálise bayesiana de efeito randômico e modelos bayesianos hierárquicos para dados individuais de pacientes. Discussão: Essa revisão sistemática com dados agregados e de pacientes individuais abordará a questão clínica: Qual é a melhor meta de glicose no sangue de pacientes graves em geral? Protocolo versão 0.4 - 26/06/2023 Registro PROSPERO: CRD42021278869

Delirium severity and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients / Gravidade do delirium e desfechos de pacientes críticos com COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of delirium severity in critically ill COVID-19 patients and its association with outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed in two tertiary intensive care units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. COVID-19 patients were evaluated daily during the first 7 days of intensive care unit stay using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and Confusion Method Assessment for Intensive Care Unit-7 (CAM-ICU-7). Delirium severity was correlated with outcomes and one-year mortality. Results: Among the 277 COVID-19 patients included, delirium occurred in 101 (36.5%) during the first 7 days of intensive care unit stay, and it was associated with a higher length of intensive care unit stay in days (IQR 13 [7 - 25] versus 6 [4 - 12]; p < 0.001), higher hospital mortality (25.74% versus 5.11%; p < 0.001) and additional higher one-year mortality (5.3% versus 0.6%, p < 0.001). Delirium was classified by CAM-ICU-7 in terms of severity, and higher scores were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (17.86% versus 34.38% versus 38.46%, 95%CI, p value < 0.001). Severe delirium was associated with a higher risk of progression to coma (OR 7.1; 95%CI 1.9 - 31.0; p = 0.005) and to mechanical ventilation (OR 11.09; 95%CI 2.8 - 58.5; p = 0.002) in the multivariate analysis, adjusted by severity and frailty. Conclusion: In patients admitted with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit, delirium was an independent risk factor for the worst prognosis, including mortality. The delirium severity assessed by the CAM-ICU-7 during the first week in the intensive care unit was associated with poor outcomes, including progression to coma and to mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar como a gravidade do delirium afeta pacientes graves com COVID-19 e sua associação com os desfechos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em duas unidades de terapia intensiva terciárias no Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Os pacientes com COVID-19 foram avaliados diariamente durante os primeiros 7 dias de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva usando a escala de agitação e sedação de Richmond, a Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) e a Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit-7 (CAM-ICU-7). A gravidade do delirium foi correlacionada com os desfechos e a mortalidade em 1 ano. Resultados: Entre os 277 pacientes com COVID-19 incluídos, o delirium ocorreu em 101 (36,5%) durante os primeiros 7 dias de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e foi associado a maior tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva em dias (IQ: 13 [7 - 25] versus 6 [4 - 12]; p < 0,001), maior mortalidade hospitalar (25,74% versus 5,11%; p < 0,001) e maior mortalidade em 1 ano (5,3% versus 0,6%, p < 0,001). O delirium foi classificado pela CAM-ICU-7 em termos de gravidade, e escores maiores foram associados à maior mortalidade hospitalar (17,86% versus 34,38% versus 38,46%, IC95%, valor de p < 0,001). O delirium grave foi associado a um risco maior de progressão ao coma (RC de 7,1; IC95% 1,9 - 31,0; p = 0,005) e à ventilação mecânica (RC de 11,09; IC95% 2,8 - 58,5; p = 0,002) na análise multivariada, ajustada por gravidade e fragilidade Conclusão: Em pacientes internados com COVID-19 na unidade de terapia intensiva, o delirium foi fator de risco independente para o pior prognóstico, incluindo mortalidade. A gravidade do delirium avaliada pela CAM-ICU-7 durante a primeira semana na unidade de terapia intensiva foi associada a desfechos desfavoráveis, incluindo a progressão ao coma e à ventilação mecânica.

Asociación entre severidad del asma bronquial, nivel de control y calidad de vida en niños

Fundamento el asma bronquial es una de las enfermedades crónicas de mayor prevalencia en la infancia. Las guías para el diagnóstico y tratamiento se rigen según severidad, nivel de control y calidad de vida, sin embargo, no existen evidencias que demuestren su asociación estadística. Objetivo medir el grado de asociación entre la severidad del asma bronquial, nivel de control y calidad de vida en niños. Métodos estudio de corte transversal, realizado en el periodo enero-diciembre de 2022, en una muestra de 189 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de asma bronquial. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, severidad, nivel de control y calidad de vida. Se calcularon estadígrafos, frecuencia absoluta, porcentaje, media aritmética y desviación estándar. Para medir asociación se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado (p<0,01) y para evaluar la fuerza de la asociación el coeficiente de V-Cramer. Resultados la edad media resultó 9,17 años (DE ± 0,67). Predominaron los varones, representativos del 53,54 %. Prevalecieron el asma intermitente (39,15 %), el nivel de control parcial (59,79 %) y la calidad de vida alta (50,26 %). Al relacionar severidad con nivel de control, el estadígrafo de asociación indicó X2=190,461 (VC= 0,662); en el caso de severidad y calidad de vida, X2=252,673 (VC=0,762); y entre nivel de control y calidad de vida, X2=66,733 (VC=0,401). Conclusiones existió asociación fuerte entre severidad del asma bronquial-nivel de control y entre la severidad del asma-calidad de vida; así como asociación moderada entre nivel de control-calidad de vida.

Foundation bronchial asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in childhood. The guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are governed by severity, level of control and quality of life, however, there is no evidence that demonstrates its statistical association. Objective to measure the association degree between the severity of bronchial asthma, control level and quality of life in children. Methods cross-sectional study, carried out from January to December 2022, in a sample of 189 patients with a bronchial asthma confirmed diagnosis. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, severity, level of control and quality of life. Statisticians, absolute frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated. The Chi-square test (p<0.01) was used to measure association and the V-Cramer coefficient was used to evaluate the strength of the association. Results the mean age was 9.17 years (SD ± 0.67). Males predominated, representing 53.54%. Intermittent asthma (39.15%), partial control level (59.79%) and high quality of life (50.26%) prevailed. When relating severity with level of control, the association statistician indicated X2=190.461 (VC= 0.662); in the case of severity and quality of life, X2=252.673 (VC=0.762); and between level of control and quality of life, X2=66.733 (VC=0.401). Conclusions there was a strong association between severity of bronchial asthma-level of control and between severity of asthma-quality of life; as well as a moderate association between level of control-quality of life.

Antibiotics in the end-of-life phase in pediatric oncological patients with a diagnosis of terminal illness: a dilemma / Uso de antibióticos en niños con patología oncológica en la fase final de vida: el dilema

Abstract Background: Pediatric cancer patients in the final phase of life receive antibiotics empirically. The decision to start, maintain, or stop the antibiotic administration as part of care at this stage is a dilemma. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study including cancer patients in the final phase of life, hospitalized during the last 5 to 7 days of life. We included demographic variables, diagnoses, days of hospitalization, cultures, antibiotics used, prevalent symptoms in the last week of life, and principal diagnosis at the time of death, and performed descriptive statistics and a chord diagram. Results: Twenty-two patients were included; 18 (81.81%) received antibiotic treatment. The mean age was 8.75 years. The predominant pathologies were central nervous system tumors in seven patients (31.81%). Of the total, 18 (81.81%) had an infectious diagnosis reported as bloodstream infection, followed by pneumonia in three (13.63%). The main cause of death was respiratory failure (40.9%). Of the 18 patients with an infectious diagnosis, 16 (88.88%) received empiric therapy. Predominant factors for antibiotic use were more than 7 days of hospitalization (75%), ICU admission (100%), invasive devices (88.8%), and aminergic support (100%). The predominant symptoms were dyspnea (68.18%), pain (50%), and fever (40.9%), which persisted in nine (60%), two (18.18%), and five (55.5%) patients, respectively. Conclusions: The lack of guidelines for antibiotic administration leads to excessive and potentially unnecessary use, which can lead to discomfort, prolonged hospitalization, bacterial resistance, excessive cost, and suffering without symptom control.

Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes pediátricos oncológicos en la fase final de vida reciben antibióticos de forma empírica. La decisión de iniciar, mantener o suspender la administración del antibiótico como parte del cuidado en esta etapa es un dilema. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal que incluyó pacientes oncológicos en fase final de vida, hospitalizados durante los últimos 5 a 7 días de vida. Se incluyeron variables demográficas, diagnósticos, días de estancia hospitalaria, cultivos, antibióticos utilizados, síntomas prevalentes en la última semana de vida y diagnóstico principal al momento de fallecer. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y un gráfico de cuerdas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 pacientes: 18 (81.81%) recibieron manejo antibiótico. La media de edad fue de 8.75 años. Las patologías predominantes fueron tumores de sistema nervioso central en siete pacientes (31.81%). Del total, 18 (81.81%) pacientes presentaron infección del torrente sanguíneo; tres (13.63%) presentaron neumonía. La principal causa de muerte fue insuficiencia respiratoria (40.9%). De los 18 pacientes con diagnóstico infeccioso, 16 (88.88%) recibieron terapia empírica. Los factores prevalentes para el uso antibiótico fueron una estancia hospitalaria mayor a 7 días (75%), hospitalización en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (100%), dispositivos invasivos (88.8%) y apoyo aminérgico (100%). El síntoma prevalente fue disnea (68.18%), dolor (50%) y fiebre (40.9%), mismos que persistieron en nueve (60%), dos (18.18%) y cinco pacientes (55.5%), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La falta de pautas respecto a la administración de antibióticos conlleva a su uso excesivo y potencialmente innecesario, lo cual puede ocasionar incomodidad, prolongar la hospitalización, resistencia bacteriana, costos excesivos y sufrimiento, sin control de los síntomas.

Exploración del discurso de los enfermos crónicos sobre la legalización de la muerte asistida / Exploring the Discourse of Chronically-Ill Patients about the Legalization of Medically-Assisted Death / Exploração do discurso dos doentes crônicos sobre a legalização da morte medicamente assistida

Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas van en aumento e implican múltiples consecuencias que, en un determinado momento, con el paso de los años, pueden llegar a un estado terminal de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el discurso de enfermos crónicos sobre la muerte digna, la eutanasia y el suicidio médicamente asistido para visibilizar la necesidad de la regulación de la muerte digna. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa que se inserta dentro del paradigma del construccionismo social, mediante entrevistas a enfermos crónicos de la Ciudad de México, utilizando una guía semiestructurada. Se empleó el análisis del discurso para encontrar convergencias y diferencias en los discursos. Resultados: se entrevistaron siete personas vía telefónica de enero a marzo del 2022. Las principales enfermedades fueron: lupus, cáncer, artritis, diabetes y ovarios poliquísticos. Los discursos convergen hacia una muerte digna sin dolor, sufrimiento, tranquila y en casa. Coinciden sus discursos en legalizar la eutanasia y el suicidio médicamente asistido; sin embargo, hay divergencias en cuanto a solicitarlas. Conclusiones: la experiencia de la enfermedad crónica es un factor importante para aceptar en un futuro la muerte médicamente asistida, sin ser una carga para otros y evitar el dolor y sufrimiento al final de la vida. La religión influye en las decisiones, pero se puede observar una mayor apertura para aceptar la legalización de la muerte médicamente asistida.

Introduction: Chronic diseases are increasing in frequency and entail multiple consequences that can eventually lead to death. The study aim was to analyze the discourse of chronically-ill patients on death with dignity, euthanasia, and medically-assisted suicide to highlight the need for regulation of death with dignity. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted within the paradigm of social constructionism. A semi-structured guide was used to conduct interviews with chronically-ill patients in Mexico City. Discourse analysis was performed to identify convergences and differences in the discourses. Results: Seven interviews were conducted by telephone from January to March 2022. The main diseases of the interviewees were lupus, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and polycystic ovaries. The discourses converged toward a preference for dignified death without pain or suffering that was calm, and occurred at home. The discourses included the topics of legalizing euthanasia and medically-assisted suicide, but the patients differed on whether or not these should be requested. Conclusions: The experience of chronic illness was an important factor in accepting medically-assisted death for the patients, who did not wish to be a burden on others and wanted to avoid pain and suffering at the end of their lives. Religion influenced the patients' decisions, but there was openness to accepting legalization of medically-assisted death.

Introdução: a incidência das doenças crônicas vem aumentando, e têm múltiplas consequências que num determinado momento, ao longo dos anos, podem chegar a um estado terminal da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o discurso de pessoas com doenças crônicas sobre morte digna, eutanásia e suicídio medicamente assistido para tornar visível a necessidade de regulamentar a morte digna. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa que se insere no paradigma do construcionismo social. Entrevistas com pacientes crônicos na Cidade do México foram realizadas usando um guia semiestruturado. A análise do discurso foi utilizada para encontrar convergências e divergências nos discursos. Resultados: foram realizadas sete entrevistas por telefone no período de janeiro a março de 2022. As principais doenças foram lúpus, câncer, artrite, diabetes e ovários policísticos. Os discursos convergem para uma morte digna sem dor, sofrimento, tranquila e em casa. Seus discursos coincidem na legalização da eutanásia e do suicídio medicamente assistido; entretanto, há divergências quanto à sua solicitação. Conclusões: a experiência da doença crônica é um fator importante para aceitar a morte medicamente assistida no futuro, sem ser um fardo para os outros e evitando a dor e o sofrimento no final da vida. A religião influencia nas decisões, mas observase uma maior abertura para aceitar a legalização da morte medicamente assistida.

Dapagliflozin in patients with critical illness: rationale and design of the DEFENDER study / Dapagliflozina em pacientes com doença crítica: justificativa e desenho do estudo DEFENDER

ABSTRACT Background: Critical illness is a major ongoing health care burden worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have consistently shown benefits in cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in acute illness have not been properly investigated. Methods: DEFENDER is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in 500 adult participants with acute organ dysfunction who are hospitalized in the intensive care unit. Eligible participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive dapagliflozin 10mg plus standard of care for up to 14 days or standard of care alone. The primary outcome is a hierarchical composite of hospital mortality, initiation of kidney replacement therapy, and intensive care unit length of stay, up to 28 days. Safety will be strictly monitored throughout the study. Conclusion: DEFENDER is the first study designed to investigate the use of a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor in general intensive care unit patients with acute organ dysfunction. It will provide relevant information on the use of drugs of this promising class in critically ill patients. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT05558098

RESUMO Antecedentes: A doença crítica é um importante ônus permanente da assistência médica em todo o mundo e está associada a altas taxas de mortalidade. Os inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose do tipo 2 têm demonstrado consistentemente benefícios nos desfechos cardiovasculares e renais. Os efeitos dos inibidores do cotransportador de sódio-glicose do tipo 2 em doenças agudas ainda não foram devidamente investigados. Métodos: O DEFENDER é um estudo de iniciativa do investigador, multicêntrico, randomizado, aberto, desenhado para avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da dapagliflozina em 500 participantes adultos com disfunção orgânica aguda hospitalizados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Os participantes aptos serão randomizados 1:1 para receber 10mg de dapagliflozina e o tratamento padrão por até 14 dias ou apenas o tratamento padrão. O desfecho primário é um composto hierárquico de mortalidade hospitalar, início de terapia renal substitutiva e tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, até 28 dias. O monitoramento da segurança será rigoroso durante todo o estudo. Conclusão: O DEFENDER é o primeiro estudo desenvolvido para investigar o uso de um inibidor do cotransportador de sódio-glicose do tipo 2 em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva geral com disfunção orgânica aguda. O estudo fornecerá informações relevantes sobre o uso de medicamentos dessa classe promissora em pacientes críticos. Registro ClincalTrials.gov: NCT05558098

Debilidad neuromuscular del paciente crítico post covid-19: resultados de recuperación funcional en dos centros de tercer nivel / Neuromuscular weakness in the critically post COVID-19 patient: functional recovery results in two third-level Centers

Resumen Introducción : La efectividad de las terapias de reha bilitación física sobre los pacientes que requirieron ven tilación mecánica prolongada y egresaron de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con debilidad neuromuscular post COVID-19 se conoce principalmente en el perio do agudo. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la recuperación funcional en personas con debilidad neuromuscular post UCI por COVID-19 admitidas a rehabilitación. Métodos : Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a 42 pa cientes con debilidad neuromuscular post COVID-19, de dos centros de rehabilitación de tercer nivel, desde abril de 2020 hasta abril de 2022. Resultados : Encontramos diferencias estadísticamen te significativas entre las valoraciones funcionales de ingreso y alta. La Medida de Independencia Funcional (FIM) mejoró de 49 [41-57] a 107 [94-119] (p < 0.001). La escala de Berg de 4 [1-6] a 47 [36-54] (p < 0.001), el test de 6 minutos de 0 [0-0] a 254 [167-400] (p < 0.001), y el test de 10 metros de 0 [0-0] a 0.83 [0.4-1.2] (p < 0.001). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la puntuación total al ingreso y al alta de las evaluaciones funcionales con la edad y la complejidad respiratoria. Discusión : El tratamiento para la recuperación fun cional en un centro de tercer nivel y larga duración, sería beneficioso para personas con grave debilidad neuromuscular post UCI a causa del COVID-19, a pesar que el 43% no alcanzó el nivel de movilidad previo. La edad y la complejidad respiratoria son variables que no impactaron en la recuperación final.

Abstract Introduction : The effectiveness of physical rehabi litation therapies on patients who required prolonged mechanical ventilation and were discharged from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with post-COVID-19 neuro muscular weakness is known in the acute period. The objective of this study was to characterize the functional recovery in people hospitalized with post-ICU neuro muscular weakness due to COVID-19 admitted to rehab. Methods : Retrospective study which included 42 patients with post-COVID-19 neuromuscular weakness, who were admitted to two tertiary care rehabilitation centers, from April 2020 to April 2022. Results : We found statistically significant differen ces between the functional evaluations of admission and discharge. The Functional Independence Measure improved from 49 [41-57] a 107 [94-119] (p < 0.001). The Berg scale from 4 [1-6] a 47 [36-54] (p < 0.001), the 6-mi nute test from 0 [0-0] a 254 [167-400] (p < 0.001), and 421 the 10-meter test from 0 [0-0] a 0.83 [0.4-1.2] (p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences bet ween the admission and discharge total score of the functional assessments with age and respiratory com plexity. Discussion : Treatment for functional recovery in a tertiary and long-term center is beneficial for people with severe post-ICU neuromuscular weakness due to COVID-19, even though 43% did not reach the previous level of mobility. Age and respiratory complexity are variables that did not impact the final recovery.

Analysis of the costs of the basic care line for sickle cell disease in Brazilian children under 5 years of age

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and estimate the cost of basic care in sickle cell disease (SCD) for patients under five years of age, within the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS) and to discuss the costs related to possible complications of the disease from the literature. Methods: The main management and conduct recommendations in the SCD up to five years of age, with healthy and baseline health status, were extracted from the Basic Guidelines of the Care Line in the SCD of the Ministry of Health. Systematic data regarding costs of medicines were extracted from the Medicine Market Regulation Chamber. The SUS Table of Procedures, Medicines and Orthotics, Prosthetics and Auxiliary Means of Movement Management System was the guide for the values of complementary exams, as well as for medical consultations. The values applied to calculate the vaccination schedule were extracted from the Pan American Health Organization, adopting the perspective of the SUS-paying costs. Results: The total cost obtained for basic care of SCD in children up to five years of age, including the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, immunizations and the performance of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the prevention and early detection of cerebrovascular accidents was, on average, $1020.96. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis in SCD, up to five years of age, exceeds the expenses resulting from hospitalizations due to complications of the disease. The study of expenses associated with SCD could be used to establish public policies, improve prevention strategies and treat the symptoms and complications of the disease.

Abordagem à pessoa nos Serviço de Urgência e Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos após a pandemia COVID-19: scoping review / Approach to the person in emergency and intensive care after the pandemic covid-19: scoping review

Objetivo: Perceber quais as alterações que ocorreram na abordagem à pessoa em situação crítica no Serviço de Urgência e Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos após início da pandemia COVID-19. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa para a scopingreview foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline via PubMed, EBSCO Host, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, BVS e Scielo através da utilização de descritores MeSH e DeCS, artigos com fulltext gratuito, publicados em língua portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, com datas de publicação entre 2019 e 2021, implementados critérios de inclusão e exclusão.Resultados: Foram identificados 4 estudos elegíveis para análise, publicados em 2020, nenhum dos estudos em Português. Conclusão: As principais alterações estão relacionadas com a utilização de equipamento de proteção individual, colocando o enfoque na segurança dos profissionais de saúde.(AU)

Aim: To understand the changes that occurred in the approach to critically ill patients in the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: The search strategy for the scoping review was conducted in Medline databases via PubMed, EBSCO Host, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, BVS and Scielo by using MeSH and DeCS descriptors, articles with free full text, published in Portuguese, English and Spanish language, with publication dates between 2019 and 2021, implemented inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Four eligible studies were identified for analysis, published in 2020, and none of the studies was in Portuguese. Conclusion: The main changes are related to the use of personal protective equipment, focusing on the safety of health professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: Conocer qué cambios se han producido en el abordaje a los pacientes críticos en el Servicio de Urgencia y enUnidades de Cuidados Intensivos tras el inicio de la pandemia COVID-19.Método: La estrategia de búsqueda para la revisión se realizó en las bases de datos Medline e PubMed, EBSCO Host, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, BVS y Scielo con el uso de descriptores MeSH y DeCS, artículos con libre acceso a texto completo, publicados en portugués, inglés y español, entre el 2019 y 2021, usando criterios de inclusión y exclusión.Resultados: Identificamos 4 estudios elegibles para el análisis, todos publicados en 2020, e ninguno en portugués.Conclusión: Los principales cambios están relacionados con el uso de equipamientos de protección personal, conel enfoque en la seguridad de los profesionales de salud.(AU)

Costs & outcomes of hospitalized scrub typhus infection in a tertiary hospital in south India

Background & objectives: Scrub typhus is a rickettsial infection seen along the Asian-Pacific rim and imposes a considerable burden on affected people in low- and middle-income countries. The present study was aimed to determine the direct cost of hospitalization of scrub typhus and its trend over six years. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, hospital based study of individuals admitted to the hospital, diagnosed with scrub typhus over six years, from January 2013 to December 2018. The potential out of pocket expenditure was evaluated. Results: A total of 198 patients were included in the study. The median cost of admission (adjusted to INR 2020) for the six years (2013 to 2018) was found to be ? 37,026 (US $ 490) [interquartile range (IQR) 22,996-64,992]. The median cost for patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) was ? 128,046 (US $ 1695) (IQR 71,575-201,171), while the cost for patients admitted to the ward-alone was ? 33,232 (US $ 440) (IQR 19,609-45,373). The multivariable analysis showed that ARDS and SOFA score were the independent predictors of ICU admission. Interpretation & conclusions: Hospitalisation for scrub typhus is associated with a substantial healthcare expense. The predictors of increased cost were the presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, increasing sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score and duration of hospital stay

Assessment of depression, anxiety, and stress in COVID-19-positive patients with chronic illness – A comparative study

Background: The physical, social, and emotional difficulties posed by chronic illnesses can result in depression, anxiety, and stress, which are common mental health conditions. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 virus, which causes the novel respiratory illness COVID-19, has had a significant impact on the global population, especially those who already have underlying chronic illnesses. In this study, we tried to evaluate the psychological stress, depression, and anxiety experienced by COVID-positive patients with and without chronic health conditions, while they are quarantined as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among COVID-positive patients and to compare the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among COVID-positive patients with and without chronic illness in a district in North Kerala. Materials and Methods: This observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in a district in the northern state of Kerala, India. A study population of 251 individuals who had positive COVID tests participated in the study. Out of this group, 117 people had chronic health problems such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease, while the remaining 134 people were without any chronic illness. An online questionnaire including sociodemographics and depression, anxiety, and stress scale -21 was used to evaluate depression, anxiety, and stress among the participants. Results: COVID patients with chronic illnesses experienced severe depression at a rate of 77.8% compared to 20.1% in those without any chronic illness. Patients with chronic illnesses who tested positive for COVID-19 also experienced severe anxiety in 77.8% of cases, compared to the 23.8% of really severe cases of anxiety among COVID patients who do not have any chronic illnesses. Moderate stress levels were observed in 76.06% of COVID patients with chronic illness when compared to 22.4% in those with no comorbidities. Conclusion: According to the study’s findings, people with chronic illnesses experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression than those who do not have those conditions. The existence of such a high prevalence and severity of psychological issues among quarantined patients with COVID-19 underscores the need for serious attention to the mental health status of these patients.

Satisfação no trabalho e síndrome de Burnout em professores de educação física da educação básica / Satisfacción laboral y síndrome de Burnout en docentes de educación física de educación básica / Job satisfaction and Burnout syndrome in physical education teachers in grade school

O processo evolutivo da trajetória da carreira docente é caracterizado por fatores que podem interferir na qualidade de vida e na satisfação no trabalho. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar à Satisfação no Trabalho e a Síndrome de Burnout de professores de Educação Física da Educação Básica. Participaram 59 professores de Educação Física vinculados às redes municipal e estadual e atuantes na cidade de Arapongas - Paraná - Brasil. Os instrumentos para coleta de dados foram: questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de Avaliação da Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho Percebida por Professores de Educação Física e a Escala de Caracterização do Burnout. Para análise de dados, empregou-se os testes de qui-quadrado, de correlação de Spearman e de Friedman. Identificou-se o perfil de docentes de uma cidade de médio a grande porte, o qual revelou ser em sua maioria: mulheres, pós-graduadas, vinculadas ao município, atuantes no Ensino Fundamental I, que não lecionavam em zona de risco, possuíam companheiro, apresentavam entre 11 a 20 anos de carreira, atuavam para 8 turmas ou mais, trabalhavam mais de 21 horas por semana e tinham até 39 anos de idade. Também foi contatado que as dimensões de Exaustão Emocional da Síndrome de Burnout e Relevância Social e Integração Social da Satisfação no Trabalho são determinantes nos seus respectivos modelos. Destaca-se que o endereço social desta pesquisa, é caracterizado como um bom indica-dor para compreender o perfil dos professores e das correlações existentes nos constructos de Satisfação no Trabalho e da Síndrome de Burnout em professores de Educação Física da Educação Básica.

El proceso evolutivo de la trayectoria de la carrera docente se caracteriza por factores que pueden interferir en la calidad de vida y la satisfacción laboral. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar la Satisfacción Laboral y el Síndrome de Burnout en profesores de Educación Física en la Educación Básica. Participaron 59 profesores de Educación Física vinculados a redes municipales y estaduales y que actúan en la ciudad de Arapongas - Paraná - Brasil. Los instrumentos para la recolección de datos fueron: un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Evaluación de la Calidad de Vida Laboral Percibida por los Profesores de Educación Física y la Escala de Caracterización del Burnout. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron las pruebas de correlación de chi-cuadrado, Spearman y Friedman. Se identificó el perfil de los docentes de una ciudad mediana a grande, que reveló ser en su mayoría: mujeres, posgraduadas, vinculadas al municipio, que trabajaban en la Enseñanza Básica I, que no impartían docencia en zona de riesgo, tenían pareja, tenían entre 11 y 20 años de carrera, trabajaba para ocho grupos o más, trabajaba más de 21 horas semanales y tenía hasta 39 años. También se contactó que las dimensiones de Agotamiento Emocional del Síndrome de Burnout y Relevancia Social e Integración Social de la Satisfacción en el Trabajo son determinantes en sus respectivos modelos. Se destaca que la dirección social de esta investigación se caracteriza por ser un buen indicador para comprender el perfil de los docentes y las correlaciones existentes en los constructos Satisfacción Laboral y Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de Educación Física de Educación Básica.

The evolutionary process of the teaching career trajectory is characterized by factors that can interfere with quality of life and job satisfaction. Thus, the objective of this study was to correlate job satisfaction and Burnout Syndrome in physical education teachers in Grade School. 59 Physical Education teachers linked to municipal and state networks, and who worked in the city of Arapongas - Paraná - Brazil, participated. The instruments for data collection were a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Quality of Work Life Assessment Scale Perceived by Physical Education Teachers, and the Burnout Characterization Scale. For data analysis, the chi-square, Spearman, and Friedman correlation tests were used. The profile of teachers in a medium to large city was identified, and it revealed to be mostly: women, postgraduates, linked to the municipality, working in Elementary School, who did not teach in a risk zone, had a partner, had a career between 11 and 20 years long, worked for 8 groups or more, worked more than 21 hours a week, and were up to 39 years old. It was also learned that the dimensions of Emotional Exhaustion from Burnout Syndrome and Social Relevance, and Social Integration of Satisfaction at Work are determinant in their respective models. It is important to emphasize that the social perspective of this research is known to be a good indicator in understanding teacher's profiles and the existing correlations between the constructs of Job Satisfaction and Burnout Syndrome; for Physical Education teachers of Grade School.

Healthcare-associated blood stream infections: An evaluation of blood culture as indicator

Background: A nosocomial infection or healthcare-associated illness that develops in patients after they are admitted to the hospital but was not present or incubating at the time of admission is referred to as a hospital acquired infection. In patients with severe viral and fungal infections today, it is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening consequences. Blood culture is one of the most important diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of hospital acquired infections. It can also help in providing a clinical as well as an etiological diagnosis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is early detection of blood stream infections along with its antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and Methods: All samples were obtained and processed using conventional microbiological techniques, and an antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out in accordance with CLSI recommendations. Results: Total 160 samples were processed, out of which 54 (34%) samples were positive. Out of 54 positive blood sample, maximum samples were from NICU (28) 52%, followed by causality (10) 18%, PICU (4) 7%, HDU (2) 3%, intensive careunit (4) 7%, surgery (6) 11%, and overall males contributed to higher positivity rate. Total nine different organisms were isolated, out of which Gram negative bacilli were comprised 40 (74%), Gram positive cocci 8 (14%) and Candida were 6 (11%). Among Gram-negative bacilli of most common species were Klebsiella pneumonia (30%), Acinetobacter baumanii (18%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%), Burkhoderia cepacia (11%), and Serratia fonticola (3%). The most prevalent isolated species of gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus aureus (11%), Coagulase negative S. aureus (3%), and Enterococcus faecalis (3%). Conclusion: This study on blood culture gives insight to magnitude of hospital acquired infections in our set up. Again result of antibiotic susceptibility tests gives overview of drug resistance problem at our set up. This may help in antibiotic stewardship program.